This paper evaluates the effectiveness and equity implications of the PAYT program in Massachusetts. We find that PAYT reduces municipal waste by approximately 37 percent and increases municipal recycling by about 12 percent. At the household level, PAYT leads to a reduction in consumption of about 10–19 percent for households with annual incomes below $25,000, while having no significant effect on households earning above this threshold. Moreover, the decline in consumption among lower-income households is driven primarily by reductions in food purchases. These findings underscore the importance of designing PAYT programs that balance environmental effectiveness with equity considerations.