The intensifying global water scarcity poses a significant threat to sustainability, compelling nations to implement diverse strategies focusing on improving water conservation. Despite the urgency of this issue, limited research has been conducted on the nexus between command-and-control water-saving policies and technical efficiency. This study develops a theoretical framework to assess the impact of such policies, using China’s Most Stringent Water Management System (ISWMS) as an example. It argues that not all water conservation measures enhance technical efficiency, and specific command-and-control policies may hinder it. The negative effects are most pronounced in regions with inadequate infrastructure and high urbanization. Moreover, these policies may worsen efficiency in monsoon zones by improving water accessibility. Ultimately, this study emphasizes that command-and-control policies are not universally effective and often require integration with other measures to achieve desired outcomes. By offering a theoretical foundation and practical insights, this research expands the policy discourse on water-use technical efficiency and provides valuable guidance for the global formulation of command-and-control water-saving initiatives.
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